European Union
MiCA is now fully operational across the EU-27. Passportable CASP authorisation, ART/EMT issuer rules, and the new AMLA supervisor make the EU the reference point for globally-scaled crypto regulation. Grandfathering windows are closing through 2026 — the enforcement phase is beginning.
European Securities and Markets Authority
ESMAMiCA coordination and CASP oversight
European Banking Authority
EBAE-money token and asset-referenced token supervision
Europol Financial Intelligence Group
EuropolFinancial crime investigation and crypto tracing support
European Central Bank
ECBMonetary policy and stablecoin financial-stability assessment
National Competent Authorities (per member state)
NCAsMember-state CASP authorisation and supervision — see ESMA register
ESMA · EBA · National Competent Authorities (BaFin, AMF, CONSOB, CNMV, CSSF, MFSA)
SourceMiCA (Regulation 2023/1114) — harmonised CASP authorisation, ART and EMT issuer regimes; passportable across 27 Member States.
SourceAMLD5/6, Transfer of Funds Regulation (TFR) — Travel Rule since 30 Dec 2024, €1 tx threshold; AMLA supervisor operational.
SourceImplemented — TFR removes de minimis threshold; self-hosted wallet transfers >€1,000 require additional verification.
SourceHarmonised only for DAC8 reporting; income and capital treatment remains national.
SourceMiCA white paper, marketing communications rules, and complaint-handling requirements; ART/EMT redemption rights.
Source- 01Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 on Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA)Official Journal of the European Union · 31 May 2023https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023R1114
- 02Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 — Transfer of Funds Regulation (Travel Rule)Official Journal of the European Union · 31 May 2023https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113
- 03ESMA technical standards and guidelines under MiCAEuropean Securities and Markets Authority · Ongoinghttps://www.esma.europa.eu/esmas-activities/digital-finance-and-innovation/markets-crypto-assets-regulation-mica
- 04EBA guidelines on asset-referenced and e-money tokensEuropean Banking Authority · Ongoinghttps://www.eba.europa.eu/regulation-and-policy/anti-money-laundering-and-countering-financing-terrorism
- 05Register of National Competent Authorities and authorised CASPsESMA Registers · Live registerhttps://registers.esma.europa.eu/publication/searchRegister
- 06FATF Recommendations (including Recommendation 15 — new technologies)Financial Action Task Force · Updated periodicallyhttps://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/topics/fatfrecommendations.html
- 07FATF Targeted Update on Implementation of the Standards on VAs and VASPsFinancial Action Task Force · Annualhttps://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations.html
- 08High-Risk and Other Monitored Jurisdictions (grey and black lists)Financial Action Task Force · Updated three times a yearhttps://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions.html
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